Diverse Societies - California n Kashaya Pomo tribe Long coastline, northwestern rainforest, southern desert - Northwest Coast n Kwakiutl, Nootka, Haida tribes Forest, waterways, and sea were important to these tribes. Collected shellfish and hunted for sea animals - Southwest n Pima, Pueblo, Hopi tribes lived near cliffs and developed irrigation systems - Eastern woodlands (Iroquois tribe) n Built villages and blended agriculture with hunting and gathering u Northeast – wild animals u Southeast – crops: corn, squash, beans
Cultural Patterns
Trading routes brought tribes in indirect contact with each other
{Stretched hundreds and thousands of miles} Land use – land as a source of life not commodity Religious beliefs – believed that natural world filled with spirits - Past generations guided the living, some believed in one being called “the creator” Social organizations – strong ties among family members (kinship) Division of labor – assignment of tasks according to gender, age, or status – formed social order
Description of the natural environment
The natural environments of the Native Americans around 1942 were crucial. Their environments provided them all kinds of different ways of life; nomadic to the kind of fixed, nonmigratory life of farming communities. In California, people hunted waterfowl with slingshots and nets. In the Northern California, they searched for acorns in forests and fished in the mountain streams. In the Northwest coast, sea was one of the most important environment for the people near it. Kwakiutl, Nootka, and Haida got most of their resources from the ocean (sea shells, whales, sea otters, and seals). In the Southwest, people built waterways so they could irrigate their farms. Hopi and the Acoma lived along the cliffs and developed their irrigation systems.
Description of the built environment
Kwakiuh made masks and boats with huge totems, symbol of the ancestral spirits that led each tribe. They also put history on huge totem pole set in front of their cedar—plank houses. The totems represented the tribe’s wealth and status. The Kwakiutl families also organized potlatches elaborate ceremonies which they gave away large quantities of their possessions. Their reputation depended upon the size of its potlatches. Tribes spent about 12 years to plan the event. People who lived in Southwest dwelled in multistory houses made of adobe and stones. They grew corn, beams, melons, and squash. They built underground kivas just like their ancestors for religious ceremonies.
Constraints afforded by location - They were isolated o So when the Europeans came – they were so isolated that when they got diseases, they had no immune system to fight it off Opportunities afforded by location - California: long coastline, a lush northwestern rain forest o
Hunted waterfowl with slingshots and nets o
Acorns/ fished in mount streams - Northwest coast: coastline of stretching northern California to southern Alaska o
Collected shell fish, hunted whales, sea otters, seals - Southwest: dry (harsh environment near waterways & irrigate their farms) o
Lived in multistory house made of a adobe or stone and grew corn, beans, melons, squash - Eastern Woodlands: vast supply of trees o
Used woodworking tools, canoes, snowshoes
Similarities and differences to West African societies around 1492
Similarities
-valued the concept of "family"
-farming, hunting, fishing
-Environment
-access to water and desert
-West Africans didn't have variety of environments(types of land)
Similarities and differences to European societies around 1492
Europeans valued kinship ties -Nuclear family
Europeans had social hierarchy – which ranked people
Christianity was spreading across Europe
The Renaissance took place – this encouraged many Europeans to seek glory
Europeans did a lot of trading with other countries
1. Unit 1 Section 1- Peopling the Americas: Patterns of Migration Why did the “First Americans” (Native Americans) come to America? The “First Americans” (Native Americans) came to America their feet. In the Ice Age, the Native American hunters were travelling to place to place because the northern half of North America was vanished. The land was covered by the cold ice sheets and the animals grew oversize. When they were travelling, they found the Americas and they lived there. At first, the place was frozen, but the hunters hunted mammoths which provided food, clothing, and bones for making shelters and tools. As the time goes by, the land melted and they fished and also, they planted crops. They also planted other plants such as gourds, pumpkins, peppers, beans, and more. The spread of development of the agriculture made it possible for the people to remain in a place and to store surplus food. 3. How did the environment in West Africa affect native culture? The people in West Africa traveled inland and had an access to the ocean and therefore easy access to foreign countries and water transportation; furthermore, they were able to access forest resources and grow fruits and crops all year round. Then it’s no wonder the West African societies lived by farming, hunting, and fishing. The excessive inland travel allowed the development of busy cities, such as Timbuktu, Gao, and Jenne, and the Islamic faith to spread to West Africa. Islam had first spread across the Middle East and North Africa, so when North African traders came to West Africa, they brought not only goods but also their Islamic faith. Also, the West African societies had slaves. Since they were able to grow crops all year round, then they would have needed extra labor in the form of slaves.
Unit 1 Section 4 - European Societies around 1492 1. What were the influences that encouraged Europeans to seek new lands and new opportunities in new environment? The Renaissance, also known as the rebirth of the Europeans, had a big influence on Europeans. It was a period where they began observing and investigating a lot of things around the world. Noble people such as the scholars reexamined the ancient writings. Renaissance artists strived for fully rounded forms of ancient sculpture and painting rather than the flat, 2D images. In this way, Renaissance encouraged people to try new things, to have confidence in themselves, and to look forward to what they can achieve.
5. Unit 1 Section 5 - Transatlantic EncountersWhat was the impact of interactions between the peoples of Africa, and Europe with peoples in America?The colonization of Europe impacted the America. The America learned that advantages of using the plantation system. They also realized the economic benefits of using force labor. Finally, they learned to use European weapons to dominate a people who had less sophisticated weapons. The Americans got diseases such as measles, mumps, chicken pox, small pox, and typhus from the Europeans and many of the Americans died because of the deadly diseases. The Europeans then went to Africa and brought Native Africans to America. They made the Africans slaves and gave them a lot of labor works. 1. What was the relationship of Africans to their natural and human environment in 1492? Sahara highway provided trading between other countries. However, places like Benin was harder to trade with. Although the forest around them provided protection from enemies, but it also less allowed access to trade. On the other hand, North Africa traded well. When the North African trading became active, they brought goods and also their Islamic faith. This religion spread quickly throughout Africa. But West Africa believed in nature. Because West Africans were surrounded by nature, they considered that as their religion – that nature was filled with spirits. 8. What was the relationship of the Europeans to their natural and built environments in 1492? The Europeans used their natural environments to expand their built environments, and spurred by continuous plagues and exhaustion of available resources, they went out to explore. The limited space and resources pressured them to develop technology that would enable them to find new lands elsewhere. After the Europeans gained an appetite for Asian luxuries, such as silk, porcelain, tea, and rugs, they tried to discover faster trade routes to Asia via sea travel. 9. Identify and list, 1 local issue, 1 regional issue, and 1 global issue that affected each continent in the transatlantic encounter between Africa, America, and Europe.
In the transatlantic encounter between Africa, America, and Europe, the Europeans enslaved the North Americans and the Africans to use them for labor. European settlers also brought deadly diseases, such as measles, mumps, chicken pox, smallpox, and typhus, which decimated North American populations. For instance, during Columbus’ time on Hispaniola, 300,000 in habitants died because of the deadly diseases; in the end, only 100,000 survivors were left on the island. The cultural clash between American and Europe on Hispaniola would continue for the next 5 centuries after the initial colonization. Since human labor was needed in America, European settlers imported hundreds of Africans across the Atlantic to the Americas. The slave trade drained Africa of at least 12 million people. The Columbian exchange also introduced new plants and animals to Africa, America, and Europe.
10. Explain how the transatlantic encounter between the peoples of Africa, America, and Europe was influenced by the place and environment of each.The Americans learned the advantage of using plantation system and they also realized the economic benefits of using force labor. They learned to use European weapons to dominate a people who had less sophisticated weapons. And finally, they got the deadly diseases such as measles, mumps, chicken pox, small pox, and typhus from the Europeans and many of the Americans died because of the diseases. The Africans were invaded by the Europeans and they were brought to America and had to work as slaves. They did a lot of labor works and they had to be separated from their own country and their family. Europeans had a trading system called Columbian Exchange. The Columbian Exchange is a trading system that traded with North America. Europeans imported plants and animals and exported fruits, techniques, and others-including diseases.
Notes
Diverse Societies- California
n Kashaya Pomo tribe
Long coastline, northwestern rainforest, southern desert
- Northwest Coast
n Kwakiutl, Nootka, Haida tribes
Forest, waterways, and sea were important to these tribes. Collected shellfish and hunted for sea animals
- Southwest
n Pima, Pueblo, Hopi tribes lived near cliffs and developed irrigation systems
- Eastern woodlands (Iroquois tribe)
n Built villages and blended agriculture with hunting and gathering
u Northeast – wild animals
u Southeast – crops: corn, squash, beans
Cultural Patterns
Trading routes brought tribes in indirect contact with each other
{Stretched hundreds and thousands of miles}
Land use – land as a source of life not commodity
Religious beliefs – believed that natural world filled with spirits
- Past generations guided the living, some believed in one being called “the creator”
Social organizations – strong ties among family members (kinship)
Division of labor – assignment of tasks according to gender, age, or status – formed social order
Description of the natural environment
The natural environments of the Native Americans around 1942 were crucial. Their environments provided them all kinds of different ways of life; nomadic to the kind of fixed, nonmigratory life of farming communities. In California, people hunted waterfowl with slingshots and nets. In the Northern California, they searched for acorns in forests and fished in the mountain streams. In the Northwest coast, sea was one of the most important environment for the people near it. Kwakiutl, Nootka, and Haida got most of their resources from the ocean (sea shells, whales, sea otters, and seals). In the Southwest, people built waterways so they could irrigate their farms. Hopi and the Acoma lived along the cliffs and developed their irrigation systems.Description of the built environment
Kwakiuh made masks and boats with huge totems, symbol of the ancestral spirits that led each tribe. They also put history on huge totem pole set in front of their cedar—plank houses. The totems represented the tribe’s wealth and status. The Kwakiutl families also organized potlatches elaborate ceremonies which they gave away large quantities of their possessions. Their reputation depended upon the size of its potlatches. Tribes spent about 12 years to plan the event. People who lived in Southwest dwelled in multistory houses made of adobe and stones. They grew corn, beams, melons, and squash. They built underground kivas just like their ancestors for religious ceremonies.Constraints afforded by location
- They were isolated
o So when the Europeans came – they were so isolated that when they got diseases, they had no immune system to fight it off
Opportunities afforded by location
- California: long coastline, a lush northwestern rain forest
o
Hunted waterfowl with slingshots and nets
o
Acorns/ fished in mount streams
- Northwest coast: coastline of stretching northern California to southern Alaska
o
Collected shell fish, hunted whales, sea otters, seals
- Southwest: dry (harsh environment near waterways & irrigate their farms)
o
Lived in multistory house made of a adobe or stone and grew corn, beans, melons, squash
- Eastern Woodlands: vast supply of trees
o
Used woodworking tools, canoes, snowshoes
Similarities and differences to West African societies around 1492
Similarities-valued the concept of "family"
-farming, hunting, fishing
-Environment
-access to water and desert
-West Africans didn't have variety of environments(types of land)
Similarities and differences to European societies around 1492
Europeans valued kinship ties -Nuclear family
Europeans had social hierarchy – which ranked people
Christianity was spreading across Europe
The Renaissance took place – this encouraged many Europeans to seek glory
Europeans did a lot of trading with other countries
1. Unit 1 Section 1- Peopling the Americas: Patterns of Migration
Why did the “First Americans” (Native Americans) come to America?
The “First Americans” (Native Americans) came to America their feet. In the Ice Age, the Native American hunters were travelling to place to place because the northern half of North America was vanished. The land was covered by the cold ice sheets and the animals grew oversize. When they were travelling, they found the Americas and they lived there. At first, the place was frozen, but the hunters hunted mammoths which provided food, clothing, and bones for making shelters and tools. As the time goes by, the land melted and they fished and also, they planted crops. They also planted other plants such as gourds, pumpkins, peppers, beans, and more. The spread of development of the agriculture made it possible for the people to remain in a place and to store surplus food.
3. How did the environment in West Africa affect native culture?
The people in West Africa traveled inland and had an access to the ocean and therefore easy access to foreign countries and water transportation; furthermore, they were able to access forest resources and grow fruits and crops all year round. Then it’s no wonder the West African societies lived by farming, hunting, and fishing. The excessive inland travel allowed the development of busy cities, such as Timbuktu, Gao, and Jenne, and the Islamic faith to spread to West Africa. Islam had first spread across the Middle East and North Africa, so when North African traders came to West Africa, they brought not only goods but also their Islamic faith. Also, the West African societies had slaves. Since they were able to grow crops all year round, then they would have needed extra labor in the form of slaves.
Unit 1 Section 4 - European Societies around 1492
1. What were the influences that encouraged Europeans to seek new lands and new opportunities in new environment?
The Renaissance, also known as the rebirth of the Europeans, had a big influence on Europeans. It was a period where they began observing and investigating a lot of things around the world. Noble people such as the scholars reexamined the ancient writings. Renaissance artists strived for fully rounded forms of ancient sculpture and painting rather than the flat, 2D images. In this way, Renaissance encouraged people to try new things, to have confidence in themselves, and to look forward to what they can achieve.
5. Unit 1 Section 5 - Transatlantic EncountersWhat was the impact of interactions between the peoples of Africa, and Europe with peoples in America?The colonization of Europe impacted the America. The America learned that advantages of using the plantation system. They also realized the economic benefits of using force labor. Finally, they learned to use European weapons to dominate a people who had less sophisticated weapons. The Americans got diseases such as measles, mumps, chicken pox, small pox, and typhus from the Europeans and many of the Americans died because of the deadly diseases. The Europeans then went to Africa and brought Native Africans to America. They made the Africans slaves and gave them a lot of labor works.
1. What was the relationship of Africans to their natural and human environment in 1492?
Sahara highway provided trading between other countries. However, places like Benin was harder to trade with. Although the forest around them provided protection from enemies, but it also less allowed access to trade. On the other hand, North Africa traded well. When the North African trading became active, they brought goods and also their Islamic faith. This religion spread quickly throughout Africa. But West Africa believed in nature. Because West Africans were surrounded by nature, they considered that as their religion – that nature was filled with spirits.
8. What was the relationship of the Europeans to their natural and built environments in 1492? The Europeans used their natural environments to expand their built environments, and spurred by continuous plagues and exhaustion of available resources, they went out to explore. The limited space and resources pressured them to develop technology that would enable them to find new lands elsewhere. After the Europeans gained an appetite for Asian luxuries, such as silk, porcelain, tea, and rugs, they tried to discover faster trade routes to Asia via sea travel.
9. Identify and list, 1 local issue, 1 regional issue, and 1 global issue that affected each continent in the transatlantic encounter between Africa, America, and Europe.
In the transatlantic encounter between Africa, America, and Europe, the Europeans enslaved the North Americans and the Africans to use them for labor. European settlers also brought deadly diseases, such as measles, mumps, chicken pox, smallpox, and typhus, which decimated North American populations. For instance, during Columbus’ time on Hispaniola, 300,000 in habitants died because of the deadly diseases; in the end, only 100,000 survivors were left on the island. The cultural clash between American and Europe on Hispaniola would continue for the next 5 centuries after the initial colonization. Since human labor was needed in America, European settlers imported hundreds of Africans across the Atlantic to the Americas. The slave trade drained Africa of at least 12 million people. The Columbian exchange also introduced new plants and animals to Africa, America, and Europe.
10. Explain how the transatlantic encounter between the peoples of Africa, America, and Europe was influenced by the place and environment of each.The Americans learned the advantage of using plantation system and they also realized the economic benefits of using force labor. They learned to use European weapons to dominate a people who had less sophisticated weapons. And finally, they got the deadly diseases such as measles, mumps, chicken pox, small pox, and typhus from the Europeans and many of the Americans died because of the diseases. The Africans were invaded by the Europeans and they were brought to America and had to work as slaves. They did a lot of labor works and they had to be separated from their own country and their family. Europeans had a trading system called Columbian Exchange. The Columbian Exchange is a trading system that traded with North America. Europeans imported plants and animals and exported fruits, techniques, and others-including diseases.